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The second PUSH contains sin_port and sin_family values and is located on offset 0x00C9 The default sin_family value is AF_INET (0x02).ĭefault TCP Bind x86 payload API hashes: Offset The first PUSH with the sin_addr value is located on offset 0x00C4. Parameters for the bind API function are stored inside the SOCKADDR_IN structure hardcoded as two dword pushes. The payload size is 332 bytes plus the length of the Customer ID if present. Yara rule for SMB stagers: TCP Bind stager x86
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The pipe name string is located right after the payload code on offset 0x015A in plaintext format.ĬreateNamedPipeA API function is called with 3 default parameters: Parameter The default payload size is 346 bytes plus the length of the pipe name string terminated by a null byte and the length of the Customer ID if present.
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Yara rule for DNS stagers: SMB stager x86 If the DNS query name string is shorter, then is terminated with a null byte and the rest of the string space is filled with junk bytes.ĭnsQuery_A API function is called with two default parameters: ParameterĪnything other than the default values are suspicious and could indicate custom payload. The DNS query name string starts on offset 0x0140 (calculated from payload entry point) and the null byte and max string size is 63 bytes. Typical payload size is 515 bytes or 519 bytes with included Customer ID value.
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Customer ID could be used for specific threat authors identification or attribution, but a lot of Customer IDs are from cracked or leaked versions, so please consider this while looking at these for possible attribution. This number is located at the end of the payload if it is present. Customer ID / Watermarkīased on information provided on official web pages, Customer ID is a 4-byte number associated with the Cobalt Strike licence key and since v3.9 is embedded into the payloads and beacon configs.
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Payload identification via known API hashesĬomplete Cobalt Strike API hash list: API hashĬomplete API hash list for Windows 10 system DLLs is available here. We can use a known API hashes list for proper payload type identification and known fixed positions of API hashes for more accurate detection via Yara rules. We can use the following regex patterns for searching hardcoded API hashes: Python implementation of API hashing algorithm The whole algorithm is nicely commented inside assembly code on the Metasploit repository. The hash algorithm is ROR13 and the final hash is calculated from the API function name and DLL name. Placeholder offsets are on fixed positions the same as hard coded API hash values. Raw payloads have a predefined structure and binary format with particular placeholders for each customizable value such as DNS queries, HTTP headers or C2 IP address. We can use these patterns for locating payloads’ entry points and count other fixed offsets from this position. Standard 64bit variants start also with CLD instruction followed by AND RSP,-10h and CALL instruction.
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Payload header x86 variantĭefault 32bit raw payload’s entry points start with typical instruction CLD (0xFC) followed by CALL instruction and PUSHA (0圆0) as the first instruction from API hash algorithm. Let’s describe interesting parts of each payload separately. This particular checksum8 algorithm is also used in other frameworks like Empire. Raw payloadsĬobalt Strike’s payloads are based on Meterpreter shellcodes and include many similarities like API hashing ( x86 and 圆4 versions) or url query checksum8 algo used in http/https payloads, which makes identification harder. We also share our useful parsers, scripts and yara rules based on these findings back to the community.
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The first part of this series is dedicated to proper identification of all raw payload types and how to decode and parse them. Other modules and payloads are very often overlooked, but these parts also contain valuable information for malware researchers and forensic analysts or investigators. There are many great articles about reverse engineering Cobalt Strike software, especially beacon modules as the most important part of the whole chain. It is the main reason why we have seen use of Cobalt Strike in almost every major cyber security incident or big breach for the past several years. It is also very popular in many cybercrime groups which usually abuse cracked or leaked versions of Cobalt Strike.Ĭobalt Strike has multiple unique features, secure communication and it is fully modular and customizable so proper detection and attribution can be problematic.
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Cobalt Strike threat emulation software is the de facto standard closed-source/paid tool used by infosec teams in many governments, organizations and companies.